The Toyota Celica is a name that resonates with car enthusiasts around the world. Launched in the early 1970s as a stylish sports coupe, the Celica evolved over decades into a more refined and performance-oriented vehicle through its seven distinct generations. Throughout its production, the Celica offered a variety of drivetrain configurations—including front-wheel drive (FWD), rear-wheel drive (RWD), and all-wheel drive (AWD)—depending on model years, trim levels, and regional markets.
For many modern buyers and fans of the Celica, a key question remains: which Celica models actually offered an AWD option? In a segment largely dominated by front-wheel drive compacts in its later years, the idea of an all-wheel drive Celica might seem surprising. This article dives deep into the history, mechanics, and rarity of AWD-equipped Celica models, helping you identify which generations, trim levels, and markets allowed drivers to experience the Celica through all four wheels.
Understanding the Celica’s Drivetrain Evolution
Before we uncover which Celica models were offered in AWD configuration, it’s important to understand the basic drivetrain evolution of the model lineup. From its inception in 1970, the Celica was primarily a rear-wheel drive coupe. This setup gave early generations a more traditional sports car feel—balanced handling, responsive steering, and a strong foundation for performance.
By the time the fourth and fifth generations launched (late 1980s to early 1990s), Toyota began transitioning the Celica into a more mass-market, front-wheel drive chassis. This change prioritized fuel efficiency, interior space, and ease of maintenance, which fit the compact car trends of the time. However, in an effort to appeal to more performance-oriented buyers, Toyota also explored all-wheel drive in specific trims—most notably the GT-Four (known as the All-Trac Turbo in the United States).
The GT-Four / All-Trac Turbo: Celica’s AWD Answer
The GT-Four—known by different names depending on the region—is the only Celica model that was produced in an AWD configuration. This version was not part of the standard lineup and was instead a high-performance variant aimed at competing in rally racing and appealing to enthusiasts.
History and Production of the GT-Four
The GT-Four made its debut in 1986 with the fourth-generation Celica (known as the T160 series in Japan and internationally). Designed as a competitor in the World Rally Championship (WRC), Toyota wanted an AWD platform that could handle rough terrain and provide improved grip on varying surfaces—key for rally success.
The AWD system was developed in-house by Toyota and dubbed “4WD” in Japan and “All-Trac 4WD Turbo” in the United States market. It was a full-time all-wheel drive system with a viscous coupling center differential, allowing for automatic torque distribution between front and rear wheels. While some competitors offered part-time or driver-selectable AWD, the Celica GT-Four provided consistent four-wheel traction without manual adjustments.
Technical Details of the AWD System
The drivetrain setup of the GT-Four was technologically advanced for the late 1980s. Key elements of this system include:
- A viscous limited-slip center differential for torque split adjustment
- Front and rear open differentials
- Dedicated oil cooling system for improved reliability under stress
- Power taken from the front-mounted engine and distributed to the rear via a rear-mounted transfer case and propeller shaft
This setup was similar to the AWD mechanics found in Toyota’s legendary 4Runner and Supra models of the time but was finely tuned for high-performance road and rally use.
Which Generations of the Celica Included AWD?
The AWD Celica—GT-Four/All-Trac Turbo—was produced across two generations: the fourth and fifth generations. These are often considered the most performance-oriented Celicas ever built, especially the earlier version with its rally-bred pedigree.
Fourth-Generation Celica (1986–1993): The Rally-Inspired GT-Four
In markets outside the U.S., the fourth-generation Celica was offered in a GT-Four trim that featured the AWD setup alongside a turbocharged 3S-GTE engine. The 2.0-liter inline-four turbocharged engine produced around 180 horsepower in Japan and 165 horsepower in Europe due to emissions regulations.
This version was used extensively in WRC competition—most famously by Toyota’s Team Europe, which won the Manufacturers’ Championship in 1990 with drivers like Carlos Sainz. The motorsport heritage of the AWD Celica boosted its status significantly.
Fifth-Generation Celica (1994–1999): The All-Trac Turbo in the United States
The fifth-generation Celica (T185/T188 series) was lighter and more aerodynamic, though less commonly associated with the AWD configuration compared to its predecessor in most global markets.
However, in the United States, Toyota offered the Celica All-Trac Turbo exclusively for the 1994 model year. This vehicle combined an AWD drivetrain with the 3S-GTE engine that had been refined further to produce 200 horsepower.
Despite this impressive spec sheet, the All-Trac Turbo was available only in 1994 and only as a convertible body style. A combination of high production costs, niche demand, and Toyota’s focus on mainstream compacts led to the discontinuation of the AWD option after that single model year.
AWD Celica Market Availability
The AWD Celica was not universally available across all markets. Instead, it was offered selectively and often as a limited or special edition model.
Japan
In Japan, the AWD GT-Four was offered from 1986 to 1993 across various model years. It was a domestic performance option with turbocharged performance under the FRP (Full Revving Package) and ST165/ST185 model designations. Additionally, it was available in hatchback body styles—ideal for rally-inspired aesthetics and utility.
Europe
European markets saw both hatchback and sedan versions of the AWD Celica. From 1986 to 1993, the ST165 and ST185 were widely available. Toyota Europe used the GT-Four as a performance halo for the brand and capitalized on its racing success, particularly with its dominance in the 1990 WRC season.
United States
The U.S. received AWD Celicas under the name Celica All-Trac Turbo. However, its production was severely limited. As noted earlier, the only version available in the U.S. with AWD was the 1994 Celica convertible.
This model remains extremely rare and is often overlooked by collectors and fans who are used to associating the Celica with more mainstream configurations like front-wheel drive coupes. The All-Trac Turbo convertibles were produced in small volumes (just over 1,000 units), making them highly collectible today.
Australia and Other Regions
In the Australian market, GT-Four versions of the Celica were imported between 1986 and 1993, but AWD was never part of the standard lineup. The WRC connection meant the Celica remained popular among enthusiasts, though with more focus on limited-edition FWD variants like the ST185.
Other regions, such as South America and parts of Asia, received the Celica in varying configurations, but AWD was largely absent except in markets where motorsport success could help drive sales.
Under the Hood: Engine and Performance of AWD Celicas
The engines powering AWD Celicas varied by region and generation, but they centered on Toyota’s powerful and tunable 3S-GTE inline-four turbocharged engine.
Fourth-Generation (ST165/ST185) Engine
The 2.0-liter turbocharged 3S-GTE engine used in GT-Four versions was a key highlight. In Japan, it delivered:
| Specification | Value |
|---|---|
| Engine Type | 3S-GTE inline-four |
| Power | 180 hp (early ST165); up to 200 hp (later ST185) in Japan |
| Torque | 196 lb-ft |
| Drivetrain | All-Wheel Drive (Toyota 4WD or All-Trac) |
| Turbocharger | Single IHI turbo, air-to-air intercooler |
This robust powerplant was known for its durability, especially among tuners, who commonly modified the engine to reach over 300 horsepower with standard internals.
Fifth-Generation (T185) All-Trac Turbo Engine
The fifth-generation All-Trac Turbo used a 2.0-liter version of the 3S-GTE with revisions for improved emissions compliance in the United States. The final specifications were as follows:
| Specification | Value |
|---|---|
| Engine Type | 3S-GTE inline-four turbo |
| Power | 200 hp at 6000 rpm |
| Torque | 200 lb-ft at 3200 rpm |
| Transmission | 5-speed manual |
| Drivetrain | Permanent AWD with viscous coupling |
This configuration made the 1994 Celica a standout from its FWD-only siblings and gave American enthusiasts a true taste of rally-bred performance.
Collectability and Value of AWD Celicas Today
With the passing of time and the aging of these sports coupes, the value and collectibility of AWD Celicas, particularly the fifth-generation U.S.-spec All-Trac Turbo models, is rising. Their combination of motorsport history and rarity make them coveted items among car collectors, Toyota fans, and performance enthusiasts.
Rarity of the U.S. All-Trac Turbo
Considering only 1,064 units of the 1994 Celica All-Trac Turbo were produced and sold in the U.S., this vehicle is already a collector’s item. Couple this with its drivetrain and performance specs and you have a rare classic that is starting to gain attention from automotive restoration circles.
Global Demand for GT-Four Celicas
Outside the U.S., GT-Fours (ST165 and ST185 models) have seen a resurgence in popularity in Japan and Europe. Their rally heritage and AWD-equipped layout have drawn interest from import tuners, restoration experts, and motorsport fans.
In particular, the ST165—Toyota’s initial foray into WRC-grade rally machines—has become a cult classic. Due to their age, many are requiring restoration, but their drivetrain and platform remain attractive to those who want to upgrade and modernize them with newer performance components.
Why More Celicas Didn’t Offer AWD
Now that we know the GT-Four and its derivatives were the only AWD Celicas, it’s natural to ask why Toyota did not expand AWD technology across more Celica trims or generations.
Market Demand and Positioning
For the majority of its production, the Celica was intended to be a compact, sporty, and affordable sports coupe aimed at enthusiasts and young drivers. This positioning meant AWD would have added weight and cost, making the Celica more expensive and likely less competitive against its front-wheel drive rivals like the Honda Prelude and Nissan 240SX.
Fuel Economy Pressures
During the oil crisis years of the 1970s and early 1980s and later during the era of stricter EPA regulations in the U.S., manufacturers needed to prioritize efficiency. AWD systems were seen as unnecessary in mainstream compact models, so Toyota stuck with lighter FWD layouts for better fuel economy.
Competition Strategies
Toyota’s AWD development and branding was typically reserved for other performance-focused models like the Supra and MR2. In some markets, the Celica was simply not positioned as the brand’s flagship AWD sports coupe, and other models (or sub-branded trims under Toyota performance groups) took that role instead.
Is It Possible to AWD-Convert a Non-GT-Four Celica?
Enthusiasts often attempt mechanical upgrades or performance modifications to enhance their cars. One popular trend is the conversion of standard drivetrain models into all-wheel drive versions, especially among rare or classic models.
Challenges of Conversion
A true all-wheel drive conversion of a standard Celica (like a ST184 or ST205) is technically feasible, but it is a massive and expensive undertaking. The process involves:
- Swapping in the GT-Four/All-Trac drivetrain system
- Modifying the body to accommodate rear differential, driveshaft tunnel, and oil cooler
- Adapting engine management systems to match drivetrain sensors and torque outputs
- Reinforcing the chassis for added weight and balance considerations
Given that most Celicas were front-wheel drive, the chassis was not designed to accommodate AWD components, making these conversions rare and complex.
Tuner Community Interest
Despite the challenges, the Celica tuner community has seen successful swaps using Celica GT-Four parts. These builds typically require access to rare donor vehicles, strong mechanical skills, and a custom fabrication setup.
Some builders report complete conversions taking several thousand dollars in parts and extensive man-hours, but the result can be a truly unique and high-performance all-wheel drive Celica that turns heads and delivers rally car-like grip on the road.
Conclusion: The AWD Celica Legacy
In summary, the answer to the question “Which Celica is AWD?” narrows down to one specific model line: the Celica GT-Four (or All-Trac Turbo in the U.S.). These versions were only offered during two generations (fourth and fifth), and only in specific markets such as Japan, Europe, and the United States for the 1994 model year.
Though AWD was never a widespread configuration for the Celica, its use in rally circuits and limited production runs gave it a cult following that has endured decades after the model’s discontinuation. Whether you are looking to buy, restore, or simply understand the mechanical legacy of the Celica line, knowing that Toyota explored all-wheel drive for their compact sports coupe adds a new feather to its already respected cap.
For collectors, tuners, and performance aficionados, the AWD Celicas—especially the GT-Four and All-Trac Turbo—serve as a testament to Toyota’s capability to blend everyday practicality with high-performance engineering, proving that even in a world of front-wheel drive dominance, there is a place for all four wheels.
Author’s Note
If you own or are considering investing in an AWD Celica, it’s highly recommended to perform thorough research on provenance, repairs needed, and any signs of major modifications. These cars are not only rare and historic but also mechanically specialized—making preservation and maintenance key to long-term enjoyment.
Is the Toyota Celica available with an AWD (all-wheel drive) system?
The Toyota Celica was never officially offered with a full-time or part-time all-wheel drive (AWD) system throughout its production history. While Toyota marketed various drivetrain configurations for the Celica, including rear-wheel drive (RWD) and front-wheel drive (FWD), AWD was not one of them. This was primarily due to the Celica’s role as a compact sports coupe, where weight savings and performance-oriented handling were prioritized over AWD capabilities. Toyota reserved its AWD technology for other platforms and models, such as the Subaru partnership-based models and later rally-inspired performance vehicles like the GR Yaris.
Some enthusiasts may confuse optional limited-slip differentials or advanced handling packages with AWD systems. Additionally, in certain international markets or special edition trims, Celica models were equipped with advanced traction control or electronic driving aids that mimicked some AWD-like benefits. However, these technologies still operated within a front-wheel or rear-wheel drive layout. If you are specifically looking for AWD in a Toyota sports coupe from the Celica’s era, you may need to explore alternative models or consider aftermarket modifications, which are rare and often complex.
Which generations of the Toyota Celica were offered with rear-wheel drive?
The first generation Toyota Celica (TA22/TA42), introduced in 1970, featured a rear-wheel-drive (RWD) layout. This generation was designed as a sporty, lightweight coupe and was available with inline-four and inline-six engine options. The RWD setup helped provide balanced weight distribution, which improved handling and gave the car a more engaging driving experience. However, this layout was relatively expensive to produce, and Toyota reevaluated the Celica’s platform for the second generation.
By the second generation (TA63), released in 1977, Toyota transitioned the Celica’s drivetrain to front-wheel drive (FWD) to improve packaging efficiency, enhance interior space, and reduce costs. This shift marked a turning point in the Celica’s design philosophy, shifting toward front-wheel drive performance-oriented engineering. From the second generation onward, Toyota never reintroduced a rear-wheel drive configuration for the Celica, focusing instead on improving the FWD platform and integrating technologies like four-wheel steering in later models.
Were any Celica models equipped with four-wheel steering?
Yes, certain Toyota Celica models were equipped with four-wheel steering (4WS), specifically during the sixth and seventh generations. Introduced in Japan in 1986 and globally in 1988, the sixth-generation Celica (ST162) offered an optional four-wheel steering system on select all-trac turbo models. This feature was part of Toyota’s high-tech performance lineup and was intended to enhance cornering precision, stability, and maneuverability, particularly at high speeds.
The 4WS system allowed the rear wheels to turn slightly in the opposite direction of the front wheels at low speeds for tighter turning, and in the same direction at high speeds for improved stability. This system was found on some GT-Four (AW11 and ST184) models, particularly in international markets. It was marketed as a sophisticated driving aid and was among the more advanced features available in production Celicas. However, this system was discontinued with the seventh-generation model refresh and never carried over to the eighth-generation Celica.
What is the difference between the All-Trac and standard Celica models?
The All-Trac badge was used by Toyota to denote vehicles equipped with full-time four-wheel drive—though not every All-Trac-badged car offered AWD. In the case of the Toyota Celica, the term specifically referred to models using Toyota’s electronically controlled torque-sensing AWD system. This system was introduced in the eighth-generation Celica (Eclipse model years, circa 1994–1999) and denoted a shift in drivetrain options, especially for international markets outside North America.
All-Trac Celica models were marketed with improved traction and all-weather capability, distinguishing them from the standard front-wheel-drive models. The system did not use a traditional differential but instead employed an electronically controlled viscous coupling to distribute torque between the front and rear axles as needed. This allowed for a relatively lightweight AWD system that could engage on demand while maintaining front-wheel drive efficiency during normal driving conditions.
Where was the All-Trac (AWD) Celica available?
The AWD-equipped Toyota Celica models (All-Trac) were not available globally from the factory and were mainly produced for select international markets. The primary markets for the All-Trac Celica included Canada, some European countries such as Germany and France, and parts of Asia, like Japan and Singapore. Toyota introduced the electronically controlled AWD system as a response to market demands for improved traction and enhanced performance in regions with varied climates and driving conditions.
North America (excluding Canada) did not offer the AWD option on the Celica, as Toyota focused on front-wheel-drive dynamics and cost-efficiency for its main export models. In regions where the AWD Celica was available, demand was relatively low compared to FWD trims, which affected overall production numbers. This makes the All-Trac Celica a rare model overall and somewhat of a collector’s item among enthusiasts due to both the unique drivetrain and its limited geographical distribution.
How does the AWD system in the Celica compare to other AWD vehicles from Toyota?
The Celica’s electronically controlled AWD system (dubbed “All-Trac”) was a relatively lightweight and efficient setup compared to other Toyota AWD systems. Unlike the traditional full-time AWD platforms seen in vehicles like the Toyota Land Cruiser or the high-performance Celica GT-Four (which featured a mechanical center differential), the AWD system in later-generation Celicas was more of a part-time or on-demand arrangement. It used an electro-viscous coupling that allowed torque to be shifted from the front to the rear wheels when slip was detected.
This system was more akin to what you might find in crossover utility vehicles—ideal for improving traction in wet or slippery conditions without adding significant weight or complexity. Compared to dedicated rally or off-road AWD configurations, the Celica’s system was less robust and not intended for high-performance driving on demanding terrains. Nonetheless, it provided a useful advantage for daily drivers in locations with unpredictable weather, giving the Celica a subtle all-season capability while still maintaining its front-wheel-drive-based efficiency.
What factors influenced Toyota’s decision not to offer AWD on Celica in the U.S. market?
Several factors influenced Toyota’s decision not to offer an AWD version of the Celica in the U.S. market. One of the primary reasons was cost efficiency. Introducing the AWD (All-Trac) version would have added manufacturing complexity and raised the price of the vehicle, potentially reducing its competitiveness in the U.S. market where buyers were more price-sensitive and already had preferences established for FWD sports coupes at the Celica’s price point.
Additionally, at the time of the eighth-generation Celica’s release (1994–2005), American consumers were heavily leaning toward front-wheel-drive sporty cars that delivered performance in a compact and fuel-efficient package. There was also limited market research suggesting a significant demand for AWD in a vehicle like the Celica in the U.S. Toyota also prioritized other models, such as the Supra and MR2, for high-performance engineering. As a result, Toyota concentrated the AWD option in the Celica for other global markets where year-round traction and weather conditions made driving with AWD more appealing.